Indications

Respiratory
• irritated mucous membranes accompanied by dry cough
• chronic or sub-acute conditions
- chronic bronchitis
- hoarseness
- emphysema
- silicosis
- asthma

Gastrointestinal
• gastric esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• diarrhea

Actions

• Antitussive
• Demulcent
• Expectorant
• Bitter
• Astringent
• Antiinflammatory
• Antimicrobial

Constituents

• Mucilage
• Tannins
• Triterpenoids (Faradiol, Arnidiol)
• Volatile Oils
• Flavonoids
• Essential Oils
• Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

Posology

• Tincture: 1-2 ml tid
• Infusion (dried herb): 2 tsp tid

Safety

Long-term use: Discontinue use after 2-3 weeks. May lead to heptotoxicity.

High doses: Heptotoxicity may occur due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs).

Liver disease: Avoid use.

References

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Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines, 3rd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.

Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

Bone K. A Clinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs: Herbal Formulations for the Individual Patient. St Louis, MO: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.

Brinker F. The Toxicology of Botanical Medicines, 3rd ed. Sandy, Oregon: Eclectic Medical Publications, 2000.

Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King's American Dispensatory. 1898. http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/main.html. Accessed: August 19, 2006.

Hoffman D. Medical Herbalism. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 2003.

Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield, England: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd, 1988.

Williamson EM, ed. Major Herbs of Ayurveda. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002